Causes of First World War Essay - 940 Words

Introduction The First World War started in 1914 and lasted for four years to end in 1918 when Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empires were defeated (Havers 7). There have been a number of causes identified to have led to the war but most of them are not as straightforward as many would think. In essence, the root causes of the war are deeper than most abstract reasons many authors have identified in the past. However, this does not mean that there was no trail of events which directly led to the conflict because there were a series of open hostilities which eventually led to the break-out of the war (Kelly 1). The war majorly broke out as a result of existing alliances among various world powers such as Russia, Serbia,†¦show more content†¦Declared and Real Causes For the War Imperialism was one of the major causes of the First World War and it was majorly characterized by a trend among European powers to have colonies across the globe (to cement their power in world politics). This view is especially supported by the fact that many European powers had bitterly contested a number of Asian and African territories as part of their colonies. The scramble for colonies and increased imperialism among European countries was especially exacerbated by the increased industrialization trend across Europe which consequently led to the need for raw materials to power Europe’s industries (Kelly 3). The raw materials were found in the colonies. The scramble for colonies therefore increased the level of animosity among existing European powers, thereby fueling the First World War. Militarism is also another known cause for the Second World War because in the early years of the 20th century, there was an ongoing arms race among various European power houses (Strachan 54). Noticeably, Germany had tremendously increased its military buildup while in Russia; military spending had become a matter of public policy (Kelly 4). The countries involved in t he arms race were therefore prepared for war and therefore, the provocation of war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia easily broke the tension and triggered the conflict. Nationalism also easily surfaces as one of the reasons that led to the FirstShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of The First World War1406 Words   |  6 PagesOption A: What in your view were the causes of the First World War? How have historians’ views on the war changed over time? Historical events are crucial in human thoughts since they understand themselves better in the present through analyzing their past occurrences. Historical events help us to know the causes of certain past events, therefore, making the cause to entail long-term ideology events and actions. Nevertheless, the causes of certain events may differ depending on the scale of historyRead MoreCauses of the First World War1164 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War I Essay When a nation’s hunger for power and control become too great, the nation may be pushed to do things that may have harsh consequences. This was the case in the early 1900’s when the world engaged in its first major global military conflict. There were a number of causes of the First World War; due to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany accepted full responsibility for the war. Although the Germans had a large contribution in starting the war, they should not be fully heldRead MoreThe Causes Of The First World War1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of the First World War were similar and differed from the causes of the Second World War politically, economically, and socially. Both of these significant, historical events were substantially affected by the interaction of dominating societies during this time period. During the First World War, these leading societies were the European authorities of Britain, Germany, and Austria, with slight assistance from the U.S. However, the United States allocated their full engagement duringRead MoreThe Causes of the First World War1166 Words   |  5 PagesThis question has formed part of the historiography of the causes of the First World War, a historical debate that has endured ever since the conflict ended. It periodically resurfaces with new theories being advanced such as the Fischer thesis, usually on account of the release of previously unseen documents or because of a shift in the political climate. It has emerged to the fore once again because this year is the centennial of the war’s outbreak and there are plans to commemorate it nationallyRead MoreCauses of the First World War Essay752 Words   |  4 PagesWhat were the causes of the first world war? Many people believe, that the First World War was caused by the assassination of the heir to the empire of Austria-Hungry, Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand. However, I believe, there were many other more important causes that could have started the war. For example: the rivalry of countries, the alliances (Triple Entente and Triple Alliance), the industries of Britain and Germany, Militarism, Rivalry and many more. Firstly, Germany was trying to expandRead MoreThe Major Cause Of The First World War838 Words   |  4 PagesLead To The First World War The events that result to or lead to the outbreak of a war form part of history that is highly analyzed and discussed over historical times for number of significant reasons. These reasons include giving answers to questions and shedding knowledge upon some particular patterns that may exist in war circumstances and giving an understanding on how and why they occur. For instance, the First World War was preceded by a number of events globally. The cause of war was introducedRead MoreCauses of the First World War Essay2064 Words   |  9 PagesCauses of the First World War â€Å"The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 grew out of a short term crisis in the Balkans, but any attempt to understand its origins must take into account a number of long standing developments.† (McDonough). To discuss this judgement, we must investigate the causes of the First World War, the consequences of these actions, and to what extent were they responsible for the start of the war. A long term and economical causeRead MoreBritish Empire : A Major Cause Of The First World War1694 Words   |  7 Pages 11/18/14 Global 10 Mrs. DelFavero British Empire in India (1850-1914) Imperialism was a major cause of the first world war; the reason being is that imperialism often led to competition for land as well to nationalism and complex systems of alliances that led to several world powers going to war in 1914; one of those world powers was the British Empire. The British Empire’s presence in India is a perfect example of imperialism and its effects going into WWIRead MoreIn What Ways Did the Causes of the Second World War Differ from the Causes of the First World War?2006 Words   |  9 Pagesways did the causes of the Second World War differ from the causes of the First World War? The First World War (1914-1918) was the deadliest, most destructive war that had occurred in history up to that time; it was of a scale unknown to previous generations. Nonetheless, the Second World War (1939-1945) proved to be by far deadlier than the First One. Both World War I and World War II were total wars fought between the major industrial nations and their empires and both were wars of attritionRead MoreCritically asses three major causes of the First World War2347 Words   |  10 PagesThere are many causes to the First World War, many of which are results of complex developments which took place for a number of years before the war, such as the conflict over the Balkans and the decline of the Ottoman Empire. The most obvious cause may be the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. However, upon close examination of the events leading up to World War One, we shall see that this was merely the spark that set off the chain of events leading up to the Great War. One of the main

Pi and Plato - 2865 Words

Dennis Pang Hock Academic English IV 16 October 2012 To seek the truth of the unknown is the inquisitive nature of humans. One cannot help but acknowledge that they are a tiny speck surrounded by the insurmountable amount of knowledge hidden in the world which humans strive to gain an understanding of. Yet many of those who try to apprehend such knowledge lack the ability to perceive why some things in the world are better off not knowing. The Allegory of the Cave written by Plato and the movie Pi by Darren Aranofsky demonstrate exactly why such goals should not be attainable. In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato expresses the idea of different perception of the real reality and the fear of letting go that perceived reality. The†¦show more content†¦The point of Sol giving him that example was for him to slow down and not go delusional on finding that number pattern. Sol acts as a source of knowledge and truth because he gives insights to Max to not overwhelm himself because he has been through he is experienci ng. This ties into Max’s second hallucination in where he sees a brain on the floor. He pokes it three times and the significances is that each poke shows the apprehension of him wanting moving forward. As he pokes it a third time, he gathers up all his strength to pierce the brain. It symbolizes how he choose to move forward and disregard what Sol had told him. In the allegory, Plato (through the conversation of Socrates) discusses the philosopher’s newfound awareness of his own knowledge and understanding. During this conversation, Socrates and Glaucon both challenge the thought of the philosopher if he would return to his formerly accepted reality of truth or would his content lie in his newly understood perception of reality. Socrates asks Glaucon, â€Å"Do you think that he would care for such honors and glories, or envy the possessors of them? Would he †¦ endure anything, rather than think as they do and live after their manner?† (Plato 154) and Glauc on answers back â€Å"I think that he would rather suffer anything than entertain these false notions and live in this miserable manner† (Plato 154). This dialogue is describing how the Philosopher would rather sufferShow MoreRelatedAllegory Of The Cave And Pi Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to philosophers, such as Socrates and Plato, humans are born with innate knowledge that becomes accessible through reasoning and life experiences. Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave describes of a group of people, in a cave, that have been shielded from society for their entire lives and were given an alternate and limited education. One man is forced out of the cave and into the light of the real world, where he becomes slowly educated to the truth. Pi, a film by Darren Aronofsky, depicts Max’sRead MoreGreece s Impact On The World1360 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Article, â€Å"Ancient Greek Culture and Civilization,† the author states, â€Å"The Philosopher s-Socrates, Plato and Aristotle contributed to the way of thinking,human life, and science.† Ancient Greece philosophy focused on the aspect of reason and question. It had an important influence on modern philosophy as well as modern science. The three main philosophers of Greece were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They contributed to the expansion of medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the EuropeanRead MoreHow Aristarchus Made A Large Jump From Terrestrial Measurements Of Scale1278 Words   |  6 Pagessatellite must equal each another says Newton s first law of motion. It takes twenty four hours for the earth to spin on its axis that is 86,400 seconds. That’s the period of the earth s rotation. It spins 360 Degrees which is 2 Pi radians. So then the angular speed is 2 Pi Radians divided by 86,400 Seconds. If you multiply the angular velocity by the radius of the earth, you get the velocity of the earth at the surface. That would be 465.1 Meters/Second. The velocity of our orbiting satellite isRead MoreGreece s Impact On The World1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Article, â€Å"Ancient Greek Culture and Civilization,† the author states, â€Å"The Philosophers-Socrates, Plato and Aristotle contributed to the way of thinking,human life, and science.† Ancient Greece philosophy fixated on the attitude of question and reasoning. Philosophy had an important significance on modern science and modern day philosophy. The three main philosophers of Greece were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They contributed to the expansion of medieval scientists and philosophers, leadingRead MoreTaking a Look at the Golden Ratio782 Words   |  3 PagesGolden Ratio is found by dividing a line into two parts so that the longer part divided by the smaller part equals the whole length divided by the longer part. Golden ratio is very similar to pi because it is an infinite number and it goes on forever. It is usually rounded to around 1.618. The for mula for golden ratio is a/b = (a+b)/b. It has been around for a long time so it is not known who made up the golden ratio. Since the golden ratio is used all around the world it is known in many names suchRead MoreThe Ancient Inventions Of The Future994 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ancient inventions of the future Socrates was one of the greatest philosophers of the ancient world. His teachings inspired young philosophers to go and explore the world. In addition, His Knowledge even influenced boundless minds like Plato, who help make gigantic pushes in geometry. Or Aristotle, who mad giant leaps in astronomy (also made a theory that the earth was round in about 384 B. C.). therefore, a new era of philosophy was inaugurated and the course of western civilization was decisivelyRead MoreEssay on History Quiz - Western Civilization to Middle Ages1580 Words   |  7 Pagesoligarchy. | Lysander | | Alcibiades | | Pericles | | Themistocles | Question 21 of 60 This controversial Athenian philosopher searched for moral self-enlightenment by questioning all who claimed to possess wisdom. | Aristotle | | Plato | | Socrates | | Sophocles | Question 22 of 60 He wrote the first true history in his book of inquiries discussing the conflicts between the Greeks and Persians. | Herodotus | | Socrates | | Sophocles | | Thucydides | Question Read MoreContributions of Greek Civilization to Western Civilization825 Words   |  4 Pagesto western civilization. Greek philosophers were great thinkers who were determined to seek truth to a certain subject or question no matter where it led them. 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However, that doesn t necessarily make it untrue, as fiction can be based on reality and can become a useful mechanism to convey important messagesRead MoreThe Mathematics Of A Large Nutshell959 Words   |  4 PagesThis became an incredibly important concept in mathematics. The knowledge of irrational ratios is crucial to other mathematical developments. Understanding irrational numbers was essential to understanding pi. The idea of incommensurable segments became fundamental to Greek mathematics. Plato and Aristotle even discussed the topic (Berlinghoff Gouvea, 2004, p. 17-18). The earliest known mathematical work is Euclid’s Elements. Elements is an encyclopedia of 13 books on plane geometry and number

Grinding Machines free essay sample

GRINDING MACHINES Grinding is the process of removing metal by the application of abrasives which are bonded to form a rotating wheel. When the moving abrasive particles contact the workpiece, they act as tiny cutting tools, each particle cutting a tiny chip from the workpiece. It is a common error to believe that grinding abrasive wheels remove material by a rubbing action; actually, the process is as much a cutting action as drilling, milling, and lathe turning. The grinding machine supports and rotates the grinding abrasive wheel and often supports and positions the workpiece in proper relation to the wheel. The grinding machine is used for roughing and finishing flat, cylindrical, and conical surfaces; finishing internal cylinders or bores; forming and sharpening cutting tools; snagging or removing rough projections from castings and stampings; and cleaning, polishing, and buffing surfaces. Once strictly a finishing machine, modem production grinding machines are used for complete roughing and finishing of certain classes of work. SAFETY PRECAUTION GRINDING MACHINE SAFETY Grinding machines are used daily in a machine shop. To avoid injuries follow the safety precautions listed below. Wear goggles for all grinding machine operations. Check grinding wheels for cracks (Ring Test Figure 5-11) before mounting. Never operate grinding wheels at speeds in excess of the recommended speed. Never adjust the workpiece or work mounting devices when the machine is operating Do not exceed recommended depth of cut for the grinding wheel or machine. Remove workpiece from grinding wheel before turning machine off. Use proper wheel guards on all grinding machines. On bench grinders, adjust tool rest 1/16 to 1/8 inch from the wheel. TYPES OF GRINDING MACHINE From the simplest grinding machine to the most complex, rinding machines can be classified as utility grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines. and surface grinding machines. The average machinist will be concerned mostly with floor-mounted and bench-mounted utility grinding machines, bufting machines. and reciprocating surface grinding machines. UTILITY GRINDING MACHINES The utility grinding machine is intended for offh and grinding where the workpiece is supported in the hand and brought to bear against the rotating grinding abrasive wheel. The accuracy of this type of grinding machine depends on the operator’s dexterity. kill, and knowledge of the machine’s capabilities and the nature of the work. The utility grinding machine consists of a horizontally mounted motor with a grinding abrasive wheel attached to each end of the motor shaft. The electric-motor-driven machine is simple and common. It may be bench-mounted or floor-mounted. Generally, the condition and design of the shaft bearings as well as the motor rating determine the wheel size capacity of the machine. Suitable wheel guards and tool rests are provided for safety and ease of operation. Grinding machines come in various sizes and shapes as listed below. Floor Mounted Utility Grinding Machine The typical floor-mounted utility grinding machine stands waist-high and is secured to the floor by bolts. The floormounted utility grinding machine shown in Figure 5-1 mounts two 12-inch-diameter by 2-inch-wide grinding abrasive wheels. The two wheel arrangement permits installing a coarse grain wheel for roughing purposes on one end of the shaft and a fine grain wheel for finishing purposes on the other end this saves the time that would be otherwise consumed in changing wheels. Each grinding abrasive wheel is covered by a wheel guard to increase the safety of the machine. Transparent eyeshields. spark arresters. and adjustable tool rests are provided for each grinding wheel. A tool tray and a water pan are mounted on the side of the base or pedestal. The water pan is used for quenching carbon steel cutting took as they are being ground. Using the 12-inch wheel, the machine provides a maximum cutting speed of approximately 5. 500 SFPM. The 2-HP electric motor driving this machine has a maximum speed of 1. 750 RPM. Bench Type Utility Grinding Machine Like the floor mounted utility grinding machine, one coarse grinding wheel and one fine grinding wheel are usually ounted on the machine for convenience of operation. Each wheel is provided with an adjustable table tool rest and an eye shield for protection. On this machine, the motor is equipped with a thermal over-load switch to stop the motor if excessive wheel pressure is applied thus preventing the burning out of the motor. The motor revolve at 3. 450 RPM maximum to provide a maximum cutting speed for the 7 inch grinding wheels of about 6,300 surface feet per minute (SFPM). SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE The surface grinding machine is used for grinding flat surfaces. The workpiece is supported on a rectangular table hich moves back and forth and reciprocates beneath the grinding wheel. Reciprocating surface grinding machines generally have horizontal wheel spindles and mount straight or cylinder-type grinding abrasive wheels. GRINDING WHEEL STANDARD TYPES OF GRINDING WHEELS Grinding wheels come in many different sizes, shapes, and abrasives (Figure 5-7). Some of the various types are listed below. Straight Straight wheels, numbers 1, 5, and 7, are commonly applied to internal, cylindrical, horizontal spindle, surface, tool, and offhand grinding and snagging. The recesses in type numbers. 5 and 7 accommodate mounting flanges. Type number 1 wheels from 0. 006-inch to l/8-inch thick are used for cutting off stock and slotting. Cylinder Cylinder wheels, type number 2, may be arranged for grinding on either the periphery or side of the wheel. Tapered Tapered wheels, type number 4, take tapered safety flanges to keep pieces from flying if the wheel is broken while snagging. Straight Cup The straight cup wheel, type number 6, is used primarily for surface grinding, but can also be used for offhand grinding of flat surfaces. Plain or beveled faces are available. Flaring Cup The flaring cup wheel, type number 11, is commonly used or tool grinding. With a resinoid bond, it is useful for snagging. Its face may be plain or beveled. Dish The chief use of the dish wheel, type number 12, is in tool work. Its thin edge can be inserted into narrow places, and it is convenient for grinding the faces of form-relieved milling cutters and broaches. Saucer The saucer wheel, type number 13, is also known as a saw gummer becaus e it is used for sharpening saws. ABRASIVES Most grinding wheels are made of silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, both of which are artificial (manufactured) abrasives. Silicon carbide is extremely hard but brittle. Aluminum oxide is slightly softer but is tougher than silicon carbide. It dulls more quickly, but it does not fracture easily therefore it is better suited for grinding materials of relatively high tensile strength. ABRASIVE GRAIN SIZE Abrasive grains are selected according to the mesh of a sieve through which they are sorted. For example, grain number 40 indicates that the abrasive grain passes through a sieve having approximately 40 meshes to the linear inch. A grinding wheel is designated coarse, medium, or fine according to the size of the individual abrasive grains making up the wheel. BONDING MATERIAL Bond The abrasive particles in a grinding wheel are held in place by the bonding agent. The percentage of bond in the wheel determines, to a great extent, the â€Å"hardness† or â€Å"grade† of the wheel. The greater the percentage and strength of the bond, the harder the grinding wheel will be. â€Å"Hard† wheels retain the cutting grains longer, while â€Å"soft† wheels release the grains quickly. If a grinding wheel is â€Å"too hard† for the job, it will glaze because the bond prevents dulled abrasive particles from being released so new grains can be exposed for cutting. Besides controlling hardness and holding the abrasive, the bond also provides the proper safety factor at running speed. It holds the wheel together while centrifugal force is trying to tear it apart. The most common bonds used in grinding wheels are vitrified, silicate, shellac, resinoid, and rubber. Vitrified A vast majority of grinding wheels have a vitrified bond. Vitrified bonded wheels are unaffected by heat or cold and are made in a greater range of hardness than any other bond. They adapt to practically all types of grinding with one notable exception: if the wheel is not thick enough, it does not ithstand side pressure as in the case of thin cutoff wheels. Silicate Silicate bond releases the abrasive grains more readily than vitrified bond. Silicate bonded wheels are well suited for grinding where heat must be kept to a minimum, such as grinding edged cutting tools. It is not suited for heavy-duty grinding. Thin cutoff wheels are sometimes made with a shellac bond because it provides fast cool cutting. Resinoid Resinoid bond is strong and flexible. It is widely used in snagging wheels (for grinding irregularities from rough castings), which operate at 9,500 SFPM. It is also used in utoff wheels. Rubber In rubber-bonded wheels, pure rubber is mixed with sulfur. It is extremely flexible at operating speeds and permits the manufacture of grinding wheels as thin as 0. 006 inch for slitting nibs. Most abrasive cutoff machine wheels have a rubber bond. GRADES OF HARDNESS The grade of a grinding wheel designates the hardness of the bonded material. Listed below are examples of those grades: A soft wheel is one on which the cutting particles break away rapidly while a hard wheel is one on which the bond successfully opposes this breaking away of the abrasive. grain. Most wheels are graded according to hardness by a letter system. Most manufacturers of grinding abrasive wheels use a letter code ranging from A (very soft) to Z (very hard). Vitrified and silicate bonds usually range from very soft to very hard, shellac and resinoid bonds usually range from very soft to hard, and rubber bonds are limited to the medium to hard range. The grade of hardness should be selected as carefully as Figure 5-8 illustrates sections of three grinding abrasive the grain size. A grinding abrasive wheel that is too soft wheels with different spacing of grains. If the grain and bond will wear away too rapidly, the abrasive grain will be materials in each of these are alike in size and hardness, the discarded from the wheel before its useful life is wheel with the wider spacing will be softer than the wheel realized. On the other hand, if the wheel is too hard for with the closer grain spacing. Thus, the actual hardness of the job, the abrasive particles will become dull because the grinding wheel is equally dependent on grade of hardness the bond will not release the abrasive grain, and the and spacing of the grains or structure. wheel’s efficiency will be impaired. STANDARD SHAPES OF GRINDING WHEEL FACES Figure 5-10 illustrates standard shapes of grinding wheel faces. The nature of the work dictates the shape of the face to be used. For instance, shape A is commonly used for straight cylindrical grinding and shape E for grinding threads. SELECTION OF GRINDING WHEELS Conditions under which grinding wheels are used vary considerably, and a wheel that is satisfactory on one machine may be too hard or soft for the same operation on another machine. The following basic factors are considered when selecting grinding wheels, though it should be understood that the rules and conditions listed are flexible and subject to ccasional exceptions. GENERAL GRINDING OPERATIONS GENERAL Efficient grinding depends primarily upon the proper setup of the machine being used. If the machine is not securely mounted, vibration will result, causing the grinder to produce an irregular surface. Improper alignment affects grinding accuracy, and it is good practice to check the security and plumb of t he machine every few months. It is advisable to place a strip of cushioning material under the mounting flanges, along with any necessary aligning shims, to help absorb vibration. When a grinding wheel is functioning properly, the abrasive rains cut very small chips from the workpiece and at the same time a portion of the bond of the wheel is worn away. As long as the bond is being worn away as fast as the abrasive grains of the wheel become dull, the wheel will continue to work well. If the bond is worn away too rapidly, the wheel is too soft and will not last as long as it should. If the cutting grains wear down faster than the bond, the face of the wheel becomes glazed and the wheel will not cut freely. CLASSES OF GRINDING Precision and semiprecision grinding may the following classes: Cylindrical Grinding be divided into Cylindrical grinding denotes the grinding of a cylindrical surface. Usually, â€Å"Cylindrical grinding† refers to external cylindrical grinding and the term â€Å"internal grinding† is used for internal cylindrical grinding. Another form of cylindrical grinding is conical grinding or grinding tapered workpieces. Surface Grinding Surface grinding is the grinding of simple plain surfaces. Tool and Cutter Grinding Tool and cutter grinding is the generally complex operation of forming and resharpening the cutting edges of tool and cutter bits, gages, milling cutters, reamers, and so forth.